NEGATIVE EFFECTS
DIRECT EFFECTS
DIRECT EFFECTS
Hypodermic theory:
This is the theory that the media is the syringe that is trying to inject ideas into the mass audience. For example a film company makes the trailer look interesting and exciting so that it places the idea of going to watch the film.
But there are filters created that stop some of the audience from seeing it, e.g. if its a horror film some people might not go and see it because they might think its against their morals to watch it, and it might affect how some people feel.
For some people though these filters don't work as psychopaths and sociopaths don't have the same filters that affect other people.
Copycat theory:
This is where a person could watch a film and go out to copy it, there are been a lot of claims by people to have seen something violent and that they have then copied it, however this can't be proven to be true or not.
Moral panics:
These are incidents that are picked up by the mass media, they are exaggerated by the press which then creates a feeling of mass panic in the public. The characteristics of a moral panic are:
- Concern: There must be belief that the behaviour of the group or category in question is likely to have a negative effect on society.
- Hostility: Hostility towards the group in question increases, and they become 'folk devils'. A clear division forms between 'them' and 'us'.
-Consensus: Though concern does not have to be nationwide, there must be widespread acceptance that the group in question poses a very real threat to society. It is important at this stage that the "moral entrepreneurs" are vocal and the "folk devils" appear weak and disorganised.
- Concern: There must be belief that the behaviour of the group or category in question is likely to have a negative effect on society.
- Hostility: Hostility towards the group in question increases, and they become 'folk devils'. A clear division forms between 'them' and 'us'.
-Consensus: Though concern does not have to be nationwide, there must be widespread acceptance that the group in question poses a very real threat to society. It is important at this stage that the "moral entrepreneurs" are vocal and the "folk devils" appear weak and disorganised.
-Disproportionality: The action taken is disproportionate to the actual threat posed by the accused group.
-Volatility: Moral panics are highly volatile and tend to disappear as quickly as they appeared due to a wane in public interest or news reports changing to another topic.
INDIRECT EFFECTS
Inoculation theory:
If a person watches enough of something they then become desensitised, so they don't notice what they see. For example violence in films is why horror films have to become more violent so that they can effect the audience.
Mean world:
This is when people who watch violence believe that the world is like what they see in the film so they become scared to leave their house as they think that what they see will happen to them.
POSITIVE EFFECTS
Catharsis (Self Healing):
This is where a film can purge/purify emotions, for example if someone is feeling angry they could then watch a film that has some violence in it which would then make them feel better by watching it be carried out on the screen. Similarly if someone watches a comedy film that makes them laugh they feel better by letting out the feelings.
Uses & Gratifications:
Entertainment;
-escaping, or being diverted, from problems
-relaxing
-emotional release
Education;
-satisfying curiosity and general interest
-learning; self-education
-gaining a sense of security through knowledge
Role models;
-identifying with valued other (in the media)
-gaining insight into one's self
-finding reinforcement for personal values
Social Interaction;
-gaining insight into circumstances of others; social empathy
-identifying with others and gaining a sense of belonging
-finding a basis for conversation and social interaction
-having a substitute for real-life companionship
Catharsis (Self Healing):
This is where a film can purge/purify emotions, for example if someone is feeling angry they could then watch a film that has some violence in it which would then make them feel better by watching it be carried out on the screen. Similarly if someone watches a comedy film that makes them laugh they feel better by letting out the feelings.
Uses & Gratifications:
Entertainment;
-escaping, or being diverted, from problems
-relaxing
-emotional release
Education;
-satisfying curiosity and general interest
-learning; self-education
-gaining a sense of security through knowledge
Role models;
-identifying with valued other (in the media)
-gaining insight into one's self
-finding reinforcement for personal values
Social Interaction;
-gaining insight into circumstances of others; social empathy
-identifying with others and gaining a sense of belonging
-finding a basis for conversation and social interaction
-having a substitute for real-life companionship
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